A Framework for the Heterogeneity and Ecosystem Services of Farmland Landscapes: An Integrative Review

It is essential for the sustainable development of farmland landscapes to balance ecosystem service trade-offs and improve resource use efficiency during crop production. Thus, an integrative concept-centric qualitative approach was applied by combining patch–corridor–matrix model landscape ecology layout theory farming systems into a theoretical framework. The thesis concludes that comprises three compositions: (the main crop), non-crop, non-vegetation, leading heterogeneous composition configuration. crop, typically displayed as large patches with high distribution ratio, provides most provisioning services, while performs many regulation services. non-crop non-vegetation compositions often appear strips can connect different corridors support services crops. Non-crop mainly focus on operations. Further research needed in several respects, including ecological impact configuration heterogeneity, strategies adoption cropping agronomic measures at scale, which are evaluation, improvement, redesign landscapes.